What are the four types of bio transformation process?

Drugs can undergo one of four potential biotransformations: Active Drug to Inactive Metabolite, Active Drug to Active Metabolite, Inactive Drug to Active Metabolite, Active Drug to Toxic Metabolite (biotoxification).

What are examples of microbial products?

Microbial products are generally divided into six different subcategories of products:

• Bacteria.
• Fungi.
• Protozoa.
• Viruses.
• Yeast.

Which product is transformed by microbial cell?

Although the production of vinegar is the oldest established microbial transformation process (conversion of ethanol to acetic acid), the majority of these processes involve the production of high-value compounds including steroids, antibiotics, and prostaglandins.

What is meant by biotransformation give two examples of biotransformation with the microorganisms involved in biotransformation?

Biotransformation alters biological activities of a xenobiotic; it can make a xenobiotic less toxic (detoxification) or in some cases more toxic (activation). Example of activation is the oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde, and of detoxification is its subsequent oxidation to acetic acid.

What do you mean by microbial transformation?

Abstract. Biotransformation is a process by which organic compounds are transformed from one form to another to reduce the persistence and toxicity of the chemical compounds. This process is aided by major range of microorganisms and their products such as bacteria, fungi and enzymes.

What is metabolic biotransformation?

Biotransformation is a metabolic process that takes place mainly in the liver and helps to facilitate the excretion of both exogenous and endogenous substances. A series of reactions alter the chemical structures of these substances.

What are the 3 main types of microbes?

There are different types of microbes: bacteria. fungi. algae.

How are bacteria transformed in the laboratory?

In a lab, we can subject bacteria to conditions that will cause them to take up DNA from the environment (to become “transformed”). Making cells competent renders their cell membrane more permeable to DNA. After the new DNA has entered the bacteria, it is used by the cell to make RNA and then protein.

What is microbial biotransformation?

Biotransformation is a process by which organic compounds are transformed from one form to another to reduce the persistence and toxicity of the chemical compounds. This process is aided by major range of microorganisms and their products such as bacteria, fungi and enzymes.

Which microbes are useful in steroid transformation?

2.2. There are a number of organisms known to transform phytosterols to AD such as Aspergillus, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Brevibacterium, Chryseobacterium, Fusarium, Gordonia, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces and Mycobacterium sp. [2, 3].

What steps are involved in microbial transformation?

Key steps in the process of bacterial transformation: (1) competent cell preparation, (2) transformation of cells, (3) cell recovery, and (4) cell plating.

What is biotechnology biotransformation?

Biotransformation is a process by which organic compounds are transformed from one form to another, aided by organisms such as bacteria, fungi and enzymes. Microbial biotransformations or microbial biotechnology are extensively used to generate metabolites in bulk amounts.

What are some examples of bacterial transformation?

Examples of Bacterial Transformation 1 The first and most prominent example of bacterial transformation is the transformation of DNA from smooth… 2 Neisseria and H. influenzae take up DNA from their own species which occurs by species-specific recognition. 3 Natural bacterial transformation is also observed in the case of B. subtilis. More

What are the materials used for microbial transformation?

Vegetative cells, spores, resting cells, enzymes, and immobilized cells/enzymes are generally used for microbial transformation. 13 In process with growing cultures, the strain used is cultivated in a suitable medium and a concentrated substrate solution is added after suitable growth of the culture (6-24h).

What is an example of an artificial transformation?

In the case of artificial transformation, the competence of the host cell has to be developed artificially through different techniques. The first and most prominent example of bacterial transformation is the transformation of DNA from smooth capsule-positive colonies of Streptococcus pneumonia to the rough capsule-negative colonies.

How much DNA can be transferred by transformation in bacteria?

The process of transformation can transfer DNA regions of one to tens of kilobases. Bacterial transformation is based on the natural ability of bacteria to release DNA which is then taken up by another competent bacterium.